如何用(yong)單(dan)片機控制驅動直流電(dian)機方(fang)法詳(xiang)解
時間：2018-07-19 來源：未(wei)知
如(ru)何用單(dan)片機(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)?當我(wo)們還是(shi)個孩(hai)子的(de)時(shi)候，玩的(de)四驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)車給上邊的(de)直(zhi)流電(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)裝(zhuang)上電(dian)池就(jiu)(jiu)嗖嗖的(de)跑了，這是(shi)直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)最簡單(dan)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制方式，只要調整(zheng)正極和負極就(jiu)(jiu)能(neng)改變電(dian)機(ji)(ji)的(de)轉向。在單(dan)片機(ji)(ji)控(kong)(kong)制時(shi)需要加驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)路，我(wo)至(zhi)今還沒驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)起直(zhi)流電(dian)機(ji)(ji)，就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)因為之前不(bu)知道怎么(me)來連接驅(qu)(qu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)路。
什(shen)么是單片機：
單片機又稱單片微控制器,它不是完成某一個邏輯功能的芯片,而是把一個計算機系統集成到一個芯片上。相當于一個微型的計算機，和計算機相比，單片機只缺少了I/O設備。概括的講：一塊芯片就成了一臺計算機。它的體積小、質量輕、價格便宜、為學習、應用和開發提供了便利條件。同時，學習使用單片機是了解計算機原理與結構的最佳選擇。單片機的使用領域已十分廣泛，如智能儀表、實時工控、通訊設備、導航系統、家用電器等。各種產品一旦用上了單片機，就能起到使產品升級換代的功效，常在產品名稱前冠以形容詞——“智能型”，如智能型洗衣機等。單片機更詳細介紹請看《什么是單片機?這一篇文章讓你徹底搞懂》這篇文章
控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)直(zhi)流電機(ji)的轉速的是用(yong)PWM波形來(lai)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，就是控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)高電平持(chi)續時間在一個(ge)周期中所占的比(bi)例，這個(ge)有個(ge)專(zhuan)用(yong)的名(ming)詞叫(jiao)占空比(bi)。
用(yong)單片機得到PWM波形有三種方式
方式1：利(li)用軟件延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，當(dang)高電平延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間到時(shi)(shi)(shi)的時(shi)(shi)(shi)候，對I/O口電平取反，然后咋延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，當(dang)低(di)電平延(yan)(yan)時(shi)(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間到后，在對I/O口進行取反，如此循環(huan)就得到PWM波形
方式2：利用的是定(ding)時器延時，控制(zhi)方法同(tong)上
方式3：利用單片(pian)機自帶的(de)PWM控制(zhi)器
示例(li)代碼：得到PWM波形
//利(li)用(yong)軟件延時：并(bing)且用(yong)鍵盤掃描得到不同的PWM
#include
#define uint unsigned int
#define uchar unsigned char
sbit PWN = P1^1;
sbit key1 = P3^1;
sbit key2 = P3^2;
uchar num;
uint yanshi;
uchar code table[]={0xc0,0xf9,0xa4,0xb0,
0x99,0x92,0x82,0xf8,
0x80,0x90,0x88,0x83,
0xc6,0xa1,0x86,0x8e};
void delayms(uint z)
{
uint x,y;
for(x = z;x>0;x--)
for(y=110;y>0;y--);
}
void main()
{
while(1)
{
P3 = 0xff;
if(key1 ==0)
{
delayms(2);
if(key1 ==0)
{
while(!key1);
num++;
if(num ==7)
{
num =0;
}
yanshi = 200*num;
}
}
switch(num)
{
case 1:
{
PWN = ~PWN;
P0 = table[num];
delayms(yanshi);
}
break;
case 2:
{
PWN = ~PWN;
P0 = table[num];
delayms(yanshi);
}
break;
case 3:
{
PWN = ~PWN;
P0 = table[num];
delayms(yanshi);
}
break;
case 4:
{
PWN = ~PWN;
P0 = table[num];
delayms(yanshi);
}
break;
case 5:
{
PWN = ~PWN;
P0 = table[num];
delayms(yanshi);
}
break;
case 6:
{
P0 = table[num];
PWN = 1;
}
break;
}
}
}
示(shi)例代碼(ma)2：
#include
#define uint unsigned int
#define uchar unsigned char
#define TIME 600
sbit led1 = P1^1;
void delay(uint xx)
{
while(xx--);
}
void main()
{
uint x;
while(1)
{
for(x = 0;x
{
led1 = 0;
delay(TIME-x);
led1 = 1;
delay(x);
}
delay(65535);
for(x=TIME;x>0;x--)
{
led1 = 0;
delay(TIME-x);
led1 = 1;
delay(x);
}
}
}
步進電機：
步(bu)進電機是將電脈沖信(xin)號轉變為角(jiao)位移和線位移的(de)開環控制元(yuan)件，在非超載(zai)(zai)的(de)情況下，電機的(de)轉速，停止的(de)位置，只取決于脈沖信(xin)號的(de)頻率數，和脈沖數，而不(bu)受(shou)負載(zai)(zai)變化的(de)影響
基本的步進電機的驅動(dong)程序：
#include
#define uint unsigned int
main()
{
uint i,j;
while(1)
{
P1 = 0x01;//0000 0001
for(i = 0;i<800;i++);
P1 = 0x02;//0000 0010
for(i = 0;i<800;i++);
P1 = 0x04;//0000 0100
for(i = 0;i<800;i++);
P1 = 0x08;//0000 1000
for(i = 0;i<800;i++);
}
}
綜合程序(xu);用按鍵實現步進電(dian)機的啟(qi)動，停止，增速(su)，減速(su)，并在數碼(ma)管上(shang)顯示(shi)出來：
#include
#define uint unsigned int
#define uchar unsigned char
sbit dula = P2^7;
sbit wela = P2^6;
sbit key1 = P3^3;//這里是(shi)解決我(wo)的單片機上按鍵壞(huai)掉的問題
sbit key2 = P2^4;
sbit key3 = P2^5;
sbit key4 = P2^1;
uchar aa,flag,speed,flag1,i;//flag 是用(yong)來標記啟動和(he)停止的標志位(wei)
//flag1 是用來標(biao)記正轉還是反(fan)轉的(de)標(biao)志位
uchar code table[]={0x01,0x02,0x04,0x08};
uchar code table1[]={0x3f,0x06,0x5b,0x4f,
0x66,0x6d,0x7d,0x07,
0x7f,0x6f,0x77,0x7c,
0x39,0x5e,0x79,0x71};
void init()
{
TMOD = 0x01;
TH0 = (65536-2400)/256;
TL0 = (65536-2400)%256;
EA = 1;
ET0 = 1;
}
void delay(uint z)
{
uint x ,y;
for(x = z;x>0 ;x--)
for(y = 110 ;y>0;y--);
}
void display1()//on顯示函數
{
wela = 1;
P0 = 0xf7;
wela = 0;
P0 = 0;
dula = 1;
P0 = 0x3f;
dula = 0;
delay(5);
P0 = 0xff;
wela = 1;
P0 = 0xef;
wela =0;
P0 = 0;
dula = 1;
P0 = 0x54;
dula = 0;
delay(5);
}
void display2()//off顯示函數
{
wela = 1;
P0 = 0xf7;
wela = 0;
P0 = 0;
dula = 1;
P0 = 0x3f;
dula = 0;
delay(5);
P0 = 0xff;
wela = 1;
P0 = 0xef;
wela =0;
P0 = 0;
dula = 1;
P0 = 0x71;
dula = 0;
delay(5);
wela = 1;
P0 = 0xdf;
wela = 0;
P0 = 0;
dula = 1;
P0 = 0x71;
dula = 0;
delay(5);
P0 = 0xff;
}
void display()//顯示(shi)函數
{
uchar gw,sw;
gw = speed%10;
sw = speed/10;
wela = 1;
P0 = 0xfe;
wela = 0;
P0 = 0;
dula = 1;
P0 = table1[sw];
dula = 0;
delay(5);
P0 = 0xff;
wela = 1;
P0 = 0xfd;
wela =0;
P0 = 0;
dula = 1;
P0 = table1[gw];
dula = 0;
delay(5);
}
void key_scan()//鍵盤掃描函(han)數
{
P3 = 0xff;
if(key2==0)
{
delay(5);
if(key2==0)
{
while(!key2)
{
{
display2();
}
flag = 0;
}
}
if(key1==0)
{
delay(5);
if(key1 ==0)
{
while(!key1)
{
display1();
display();
}
flag = 1;//步進電機啟動
}
}
if(flag==1)
{
if(key4 == 0)
{
delay(5);
if(key4==0)
{
while(!key4)
{
display();
display1();
}
speed --;
flag1 = 1;
if(speed ==-1)
speed = 20;
}
}
if(key3==0)
{
delay(5);
if(key3==0)
{
while(!key3)
{
display();
display1();
}
speed ++;
flag1 = 0;
if(speed==21)
{
speed = 1;
}
}
}
}
}
main()
{
init();
while(1)
{
key_scan();
if(flag == 1)
{
TR0 = 1;
display();
display1();
}
if(flag == 0)
{
TR0 = 0;
display2();
}
}
}
void time0() interrupt 1
{
TH0 = (65536-2400)/256;
TL0 = (65536-2400)%256;
aa ++;
if(aa ==speed)
{
aa = 0;
if(flag1 == 1)//正轉(zhuan)的標志(zhi)
{
i++;
if(i ==4)
i = 0;
P1 = table[i];
}
if(flag1 == 0)//反轉(zhuan)的標志
{
i --;
if(i == -1)
i = 3;
P1 = table[i];
}
}
}
